Sources: Languages

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Databases

Ethnologue. Languages of the World, Dallas, 2021 (24st ed.)  https://www.ethnologue.com/  [accessed 20210419]: database (°1951), containing systematic and detailed descriptions of more than 7000 languages. The most comprehensive publication / database on the subject, albeit with a hefty subscription.

Moseley, C. (ed.), Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Paris, 20103 (Memories of Peoples Series): lists some 2500 languages the level of endangerment and the countries where they are spoken. The online version of aforementioned book adds the number of speakers, sources and project links, ISO-codes and geographical coordinates

Unesco Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. https://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php. [accessed 20210405]: a 'vitality index' lists the languages along six categories (based on UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework that establishes six degrees of vitality/endangerment based on nine factors): safe (language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted > not included in the Atlas), vulnerable (most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains e.g. home > white symbol), definitely endangered (children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home > yellow symbol), severely endangered (language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves > orange symbol), critically endangered (the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently > red symbol), extinct (there are no speakers left >> included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s > black symbol)

Austin (P.K.), One thousand languages living, endangered, and lost, Berkeley – Los Angeles, 2008: listed by continent, each selected language is briefly described, with additionally the words for the numbers 1 to 10 being given, as well as loan words or related words from that language into other (world) languages.

Digibyb. Digital Library Project on European minority languages. Final report, Leeuwarden, 2005.

Lexicons

Haarmann (H.), Kleines Lexikon der Sprachen. Von Albanisch bis Zulu, München, 2001: description of approximately 250 languages.

Wurm (S.A.) & Heymand (I.), Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing, Paris, 2001 (2nd ed.)  (1996) (Unesco-list, pp. 54-55: Europe).

NikoliC (Z.), The atlas of unusual languages. An exploration of language, people and geography, Glasgow, 2021.

Haarman (H.), Soziologie und Politik der Sprachen Europas. München, 1975: comprehensive work, with abundant data and including the prospects for each language, its relation with state and nation, linguistic origins and historical development.

Kloss (H.) & Mc Conell (G.D.), Linguistic composition of the nations of the world, Quebec, 19??.

Maps

The European languages, 2004

Map by Eurominority of the languages of Europe

The European languages, 2004

Map by Eurominority of the languages within the European Union

Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires, 2004

Map by Eurominority of the status of the convention on the regional or minority languages of Europe with its states (signed and ratified, signed or not signed)

Aproximacio a l'Europa de les Llengües, s.d.

Approaching a Europe of languages, Barcelona, s.d.

also

Medeiros (J.) ed., Le Mondial des nations. 30 chercheurs enquêtent sur l'identité nationale, Paris, 2011

Europa und seine Regionale Konflikte. Ursachen - Entwicklungen-Lösungen. 6 Fallbeispiele, Berlin, 2003 (Pankower Vorträge. Heft 49).

Stevenson (V.) ed., Atlas van de Europese talen: Geschiedenis en Ontwikkeling, s.l., 1989

Cocquereaux (J.), Volken en talen in beweging, Leuven, 1981.

Breton (R.), Géographie des langues, Paris, 1976.

Haarman (H.), Soziologie und Politik der Sprachen Europas, München, 1975

Ortolani (M.), Geografia della populazione, ????, 1975: classification of ethnic groups according to their linguistic family.

Décsy (G.), Die linguistische Struktur Europas, ?????, 1973.

Falch (J.) Contribution à l'étude du statut des langues en Europe, Quebec, 1973.

Nelde (P.), Meertaligheid als element van cultuurcontact, in: xxxxxxxxxxx

Pohl (J.), Sur une carte linguistique de l'Europe, in BTFG, XLIII, 1965, 3, 927-931.

Naert-Pourquery (P.), Que signifient les frontières linguistiques, in Europa Ethnica, 19, 1962, 4, ???-???

Dauzat (A.), La géographie linguistique, Paris, 1948

Cornish (V.), The borderlands of language in Europe and their relation to the historic frontier of Christendom, London, 1936: after researching in Flanders, Lorraine, Friul, Istria and Macedonia, the author finds that de language border coincides with a previous political boundary between christianity and heathen areas. Polyglotte gebieden ontstonden enkel daar waar de grens niet overeenkwam met een belangrijk scheidend fysisch element: dit werden de zgn. link-landen. Pas in de 19e eeuw werden door de verbetering van de communicatiewegen tussen staat en binnenland, de taalbanden gewichtiger dan de regionale verbindingen

Dominian (L.), The frontiers of language and nationality in Europe, New York-London, 1917.

Febvre (L.), Histoire et linguistique, ?????, 1911.

Kloss (H.) & Mc Conell (G.D.), Linguistic composition of the nations of the world, Quebec, s.d.